The Trump administration is proposing to define what land and water can be declared as “habitat” for imperiled plants and animals — potentially excluding areas that species could use in the future.
The proposal to be announced Friday and obtained in advance by The Associated Press would for the first time define “habitat” for purposes of enforcing the Endangered Species Act, the landmark law that has undergirded species protection efforts in the U.S. since 1973.
It has broad implications for how lands are managed and how far the government has to go to protect plants and animals that could be sliding toward extinction.
Legal observers said the two-sentence definition, as well as an alternative definition that officials invited comments on, would limit what areas the government can designate as critical to a species’ survival.
“This is inevitably going to restrict the agency and force it to work where it can do the most good,” said Jonathan Woods with the Pacific Legal Foundation, which has fought against government habitat designations that the firm says infringe on private property rights.
This June 1995 file photo shows a Northern Spotted owl taken in Point Reyes, Calif.
Tom Gallagher / AP
Others warned that it would seriously hobble restoration efforts, by confining struggling species to small patches of pristine land and blocking restoration work that could expand their range.
The northern spotted owl of the Pacific Northwest, which depends on old-growth forests, offers a prime example, said Noah Greenwald with the Center for Biological Diversity.
Related: Tracking the sound of the spotted owl's extinction
Much of the bird’s historic habitat was logged. “But it will become old growth forest again one day if we protect it. So does that not count as habitat?” Greenwald asked.
“If we want to recover species, we have to restore them to more larger portions of their historic range,” he said.
Friday’s proposal from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service comes in response to a 2018 U.S. Supreme Court ruling involving a highly endangered Southern frog — the dusky gopher frog.
Trump administration officials said the proposal would provide “more consistency" and “more transparency” for private landowners, companies and states, but would not say how much or what type of habitat could be excluded under the new definition.
In this Sept. 27, 2011 file photo, a gopher frog is seen at the Audubon Zoo in New Orleans. A conservation group says the federal government hasn't done enough to save the endangered dusky gopher frog because it has yet to write up a rescue plan. The Center for Biological Diversity's legal notice of plans to sue comes about three months after a property rights group filed such a notice claiming the Interior Department has gone too far in protecting the frogs, which spawn in ponds so shallow they dry up in the summer.
Gerald Herbert / AP
In the gopher frog case, a unanimous court said the government had to decide what constitutes a suitable habitat for the 3 ½-inch-long frogs before it could designate some of those areas as “critical habitat” for the species, which survives in just a few ponds in Mississippi.
The dispute arose after the Fish and Wildlife Service designated 1,500-acres (607-hectares) of land and ponds in neighboring Louisiana as critical habitat for the frog even though none lived there.
Attorneys for the landowner, timber company Weyerhaeuser Co., called it an unjust land grab, but environmentalists said designating the land as critical was necessary to keeping the frog from disappearing.
Related: Big money bought Oregon's forests. Small timber communities are paying the price.
The proposed definition says habitat includes “places that a species depend upon to carry out one or more life processes,” such as breeding or eating. If that had been in place prior to the dispute over the gopher frog, the government might have been forced to limit its critical habitat designation to the ponds only, and not the surrounding land, said Wood.
“It gives a standard which we’ve been lacking for the past 45 years to guide critical habitat designations,” he said. “You won’t have the free-roaming critical habitat designations like you would have in the Weyerhaeuser case.”
In that case, the administration ended up withdrawing the critical habitat designation in Louisiana under a legal settlement.
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