Louis Mann, photographed by Lucullus Virgil McWhorter, was an interpreter for the Yakama Nation in the early 1900s who also defended water and fishing rights of other tribal members through correspondence to U.S. government officials.
The Treaty of 1855 created the Yakama Nation reservation as we know it today. In the decades after, the Yakama, Washington state, and the United States were trying to figure out their new relationship — one fraught with disagreements, court battles and even war.
At the turn of the century, Louis Mann was in the middle of it all, working as an interpreter for the tribe. Now, audio recordings of Mann’s strong voice have resurfaced.
Alvin Shuster grew up hearing stories about his grandfather Louis Mann — about how he educated himself and learned to speak English, about his work for the Yakama Nation, interpreting for its chiefs in Olympia and Washington D.C.
Now 75, Shuster never thought he'd actually get to hear him.
“He died before I was born,” Shuster said. “When I heard his voice, it felt good. To hear your grandfather for the first time. The songs that he sang. It was nice to hear.”
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Photographer Edward Curtis recorded Louis Mann singing in 1909 using wax cylinders, which are fragile and prone to damage from mold.
Six recordings survived the test of time thanks to archivists at Indiana University. They include ceremonial prayer songs, a Klickitat Hand-Gamble song and a Yakama love song. The recordings are a part of Mann’s legacy that Shuster and the rest of the Mann family didn’t know about until last year.
Shuster said he wonders why his grandfather would agree to record the songs, especially the out-of-context prayer songs for funerals.
“I didn’t know how to take it other than, maybe he thought that when it got to (the year) 2000, everything could be gone and it was his way of preserving what happened,” Shuster said.
Carrying The Yakama’s Message
Around the turn of the 20th century, the Yakama Nation reservation was still relatively new. Tribal leaders were fighting a fishing rights case in the U.S. Supreme Court. They were fighting to keep Mt. Adams within the reservation boundaries.
That meant going to court, writing letters to congressmen and signing documents — all in English. According to Shuster, his grandfather Louis Mann saw his role as an interpreter meant carrying the message of Yakama leadership to elected members of the government.
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“He didn’t dress up in war chief regalia,” Shuster said, noting that Mann would instead wear suits. “He didn’t like to limelight himself. He’d rather stand in the back.”
But Mann had a strong voice himself, evident in letters he wrote to the federal Bureau of Reclamation when the government sought to charge him and other tribal members for their water rights. He wrote in his correspondence: “Who in your office is too damn white to understand my water rights?” according to Emily Washines, a Yakama Nation tribal member and historian.
Washines tracked down Mann’s recordings and brought them to his descendants.
“[Mann] represented someone that was just vocal,” Washines said. “He just said it. He didn’t mince words about when he thought deals seemed to be unfair. Even if that was to the federal government.”
In a letter to President Calvin Coolidge, Mann wrote: “We ask you for a square deal. ... We are infringed by state law, our treaty unrecognized.” In a letter to the chairman of the U.S. House Indian Affairs Committee, he wrote: “We want the white man to be honest and treat us right. Our words are done.”
Those strong words earned Louis Mann a nickname, according to Shuster.
“Our grandfather was called the ‘Bad Injun of Ahtanum’,” Shuster said, using a slur Mann reclaimed. “He didn’t comply with the government nor with what the nonIndians wanted to do. He would only find a way to protect our people. It’s a legacy. Those are big shoes to try to fit.”
Big Shoes
But Shuster did fit into those big shoes. After a career working in farms, logging and as a mechanic, Shuster started working as an advocate for education committees in the Yakima Valley. In the 1990s, he became chair of the National Congress of American Indians’ education subcommittee, where he pushed the Clinton administration to issue an executive order to make education of Native Americans a national priority.
Shuster is thankful for his grandfather’s work and for the recordings Mann made with Edward Curtis. He hopes sharing the recordings will lead to more information about Mann and connect his family with other descendants they don’t know.
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“We didn’t even know that there [were] recordings of Mann,” Shuster said. “Things that are kind of kept secret from us, we need to find out what those are.”
For Yakama historian Emily Washines, the recordings made her wonder what other photographs and recordings were gathered by people like Edward Curtis, who portrayed a romanticized image of what he thought were dying cultures.
“What does that mean for the descendants of people that were photographed by Edward Curtis?” Washines said. “How do we regard these photos, as yes, these are my actual relatives, and at the same time allow ourselves to be critical about the sentiments?”
Though the images and audio gathered by Curtis can be problematic, Shuster said his grandfather made the recordings to fight for his culture.
“When my grandfather did it 100 years ago, he thought of us and what I’m doing right now. I’m thinking about our yet unborn, just like he did.”
